Training

Air Traffic Controller Training Guide 2025: Phases, Modules, and Certification explained

The training programme to become an air traffic controller is intensive and highly specialised, preparing future professionals to handle real-time air traffic operations. Those who pass the selection process have overcome a major hurdle, but the real challenge lies ahead. Training usually lasts up to three years, depending on the structure of the air navigation service providers' training programme, the future specialisation of the trainee and individual progress. This article provides an overview of the typical training programme for prospective air traffic controllers.

ATC Theoretical Training

The training programme commences with an intensive theoretical phase lasting 12 months, providing trainees with the basic knowledge and skills they will need in their daily work. There are regular written exams in each subject to test the knowledge acquired. Despite its relatively short duration compared to the overall training period, this phase demands significant self-discipline, focus and willingness to learn. The subject areas and core competences covered by the syllabus are as follows:

Air Traffic Control Regulations & Procedures

1. This module focuses on acquiring in-depth knowledge of both local and international aviation regulations, including procedures for instrument flight rules (IFR) and visual flight rules. Emergency procedures, e.g. in the event of loss of radio contact or aircraft hijacking, are also taught.

Aerodynamics & Aircraft Performance

1. Aspiring controllers need to have a solid grasp on the fundamental principles of flight, including lift, thrust, drag and weight, as well as the manoeuvrability of aircraft such as turning, climbing, descending and speed changes. Knowledge of aircraft weight classes and their impact on separation standards is essential for safe and efficient operations.

Communication & Phraseology

1. English is the international language of aviation, and this module will provide students with the language and radio communication skills required for normal operations. Students will learn how to deal with abnormal operations and emergencies, as well as how to maintain situational awareness through clear, precise communication.

Navigation & Airspace Structure

1. Students will acquire an understanding of navigation aids and their functional principles. The syllabus covers radar systems such as primary surveillance radar (PSR), secondary surveillance radar (SSR) and Automatic Dependent Surveillance-Broadcast (ADS-B), as well as radio navigation aids such as VOR, NDB, DME, ILS and GPS.

Meteorology & Weather Impacts

1. This module will examine how weather phenomena such as thunderstorms, wind shear, icing, fog and poor visibility affect air traffic management.

ATC Simulator Training

Upon completion of the theoretical phase, the knowledge is then applied for the first time in special simulators. These simulators allow for realistic and risk-free practice of any situation. Depending on the assigned function, e.g. radar or tower controller, everyday scenarios are simulated to reinforce knowledge, while emergencies are also trained to prepare for the worst-case scenario.

ATC On The Job Training

Once the previous phase has been completed and the trainee is qualified for the On-the-Job Training (OJT), they will move on to their assigned workplace. In this phase, the future air traffic controller will control real air traffic, whilst being constantly supervised by an experienced trainer. The primary focus of this phase is on improving decision-making and workload management skills. As time progresses, the trainee air traffic controllers will be given more responsibility until they successfully complete their training by passing their final exam.